中国北斗:一张闪亮的“国家名片”
3月30日1时56分,我国在西昌卫星发射中心用长征三号乙运载火箭,以“一箭双星”方式成功发射第三十、三十一颗北斗导航卫星。这两颗卫星属于中圆地球轨道卫星,也是我国北斗三号第七、第八颗组网卫星。
“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”位列四大发明之一的司南,是中国古代在辨别方位上对人类的独特贡献。实现精准导航定位,更是中国人始终不渝的追求目标。
从2000年建成卫星导航试验系统,到2012年向亚太地区提供服务,再到2017年开启全球组网……如今,独立运行的北斗卫星导航系统开创了一条中国式自主导航之路,正向着“2020年实现35颗卫星全球组网、服务全球”的目标全速推进。
北斗三号最简系统已建成
3月30日凌晨,长征三号乙运载火箭从大凉山壮丽升空。卫星经过三个多小时的飞行,经轨控和相位捕获后,成功进入工作轨道。
就在此次发射的同时,位于上海市张江高科技园区的卫星厂房灯火通明,中科院微小卫星创新研究院的工作人员正在有序开展后续多组北斗三号卫星的研制和试验。这样的快节奏,对于该院北斗导航卫星研制团队已是常态。记者了解到,这次发射的北斗三号第七、第八颗组网卫星和1月12日发射的第三、第四颗组网卫星都是该院抓总研制的。 此前,我国已经建成了由14颗组网卫星和32个地面站天地协同组网运行的北斗二号卫星导航系统,全天候服务亚太区域。按照国内、区域、全球的“三步走”计划,北斗三号全球组网于去年11月拉开“战幕”,正式与美国的GPS、欧盟的伽利略、俄罗斯的格洛纳斯全球三大导航系统同场竞技。
中科院微小卫星创新研究院院长助理、北斗三号卫星总指挥李国通告诉记者,已发射的8颗北斗三号组网卫星,组成了北斗三号最简系统。北斗三号的基础功能均能通过最简系统实现,研发团队可以借此快速评估整个工程的状态,并及时作出调整。
与之前发射的卫星相比,此次卫星配置了更高精度的氢原子钟,实现了星载时频无缝切换功能,达到国际领先水平。
“原子钟是导航卫星的‘心脏’,直接影响导航卫星的定位、测速和授时精度。这次使用的星载氢原子钟,稳定度达到E-15量级,即每天时钟误差小于0.5纳秒,累计600万年误差才1秒。”李国通说。
不仅如此,微小卫星创新研究院为北斗三号卫星设计了导航卫星专用平台:卫星的集成度高、扩展性强,不仅降低了成本,将来还可搭载更多功能;姿控精度比要求精度提高了一个量级;拥有全球首创的在轨赋能自主运行技术,可以不依赖地面,让卫星在天上自主定位。
北斗全球组网建设是一项复杂而艰巨的任务。在短短三四年时间里,要完成30多颗卫星的发射部署,绝非易事。“首次要有百倍信心,百次要有首次标准。”李国通在每次发射前动员会上,都会这样提醒研制团队。这支108人的年轻团队,“80后”超过一半,“90后”接近四分之一,“吃苦”“爱国”是他们的标签。
据了解,2018年北斗三号还将发射10颗组网卫星。中科院微小卫星创新研究院负责其中的4颗,中国空间技术研究院(航天五院)发射其余的6颗。
“北斗+”开创融合应用新模式
中科院院士、北斗卫星导航系统工程首任总设计师孙家栋曾提出,北斗要打造“天上好用,地上用好”的应用格局。当前,北斗在国家安全和重点领域标配化使用,在大众消费领域规模化应用,催生了“北斗+”融合应用新模式。
中国卫星导航系统管理办公室主任、北斗卫星导航系统发言人冉承其表示,北斗产业链从芯片到终端、到制造业、到服务已经完全打通。截至去年底,国内与北斗相关的从业企业超过1.4万家,从业人员超过45万。
近年来,北斗由“高大上”转为“接地气”,已在公安、交通、渔业、电力、林业、减灾等行业得到广泛使用。全国4万余艘渔船安装北斗,累计救助渔民超过1万人,被渔民称作海上“保护神”。仅在北京,就有3.3万辆出租车、2.1万辆公交车安装北斗。
如今的主流手机芯片大都支持北斗,特别是国内销售的智能手机,北斗已成为标配。记者在自己两年前购买的安卓手机上安装搜星软件AndroiTS GPS Test Pro后,搜到了11颗北斗卫星,多过GPS的7颗和格洛纳斯的4颗,信号也较好。
资料显示,与北斗二号相比,北斗三号全球导航系统的定位精度将提升1至2倍,达到2.5米至5米水平。建成后的北斗全球导航系统将为用户免费提供约10米精度的定位服务、0.2米/秒的测速服务,并且将为付费用户提供更高精度等级的服务。未来,北斗将覆盖到包括铁路、水路、公路、民航、邮政的整个大交通各个领域。
中国北斗加速融入世界
遥望广袤的太空,中国人的“天眼”视域越来越开阔。
“北斗既是中国的,也是世界的。”北斗卫星导航系统总设计师杨长风认为,北斗已走出国门,正加速融入世界。
近年来,中国与南亚、中亚、东盟、阿盟、非洲等国家和组织陆续建立了合作机制。在“一带一路”沿线,巴基斯坦的交通运输、港口管理,缅甸的土地规划、河运监管,老挝的精细农业、病虫灾害监管,文莱的都市现代化建设、智慧旅游,印尼的海上集成应用,北斗正提供心贴心定制服务;分别与马来西亚、新加坡、柬埔寨等开展交流合作,与沙特、阿联酋、埃及、摩洛哥、突尼斯、阿尔及利亚等国家制定推进措施,在泰国建成了小型北斗地基增强系统示范网等。中国胸怀和中国贡献伴随“太空丝路”不断延展。
北斗已加入国际民航、国际海事、3GPP移动通信三大国际组织,还将为全球提供免费搜索救援服务。目前,北斗正全面开展大国合作,成立了中俄卫星导航重大战略合作项目委员会和中美、中欧卫星导航合作工作组,建成开通中俄卫星导航联合监测平台,与美、俄分别签署系统兼容与互操作联合声明,实现多系统共赢。
按照计划,北斗二号持续稳定运行,北斗三号2018年底建成基本系统,服务“一带一路”沿线国家;2020年底,建成世界一流的全球系统。“2035年前,我国将以北斗系统为核心构建起覆盖空天地海、高精度安全可靠、万物互联万物智能的新时空体系,从而为全球用户提供更优质的服务。”杨长风透露。
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