JavaScript 中函数的定义和调用

3种函数定义方式:

1、使用关键字 function 来声明并定义函数

function myFunction(a, b) {
    return a * b;
}

调用函数:

var x = myFunction(4, 3);

2、使用关键字 function 来定义匿名函数

function (a, b) {return a * b}

匿名函数可赋值给变量或者自调用。

匿名函数赋值给变量:

var myFunction = function (a, b) {return a * b};

var x = myFunction(4, 3);

匿名函数自调用:

(function (a, b) {
    return a * b;
})(4,3);

3、使用 Function() 构造函数来定义函数

var myFunction = new Function("a", "b", "return a * b");

调用函数:

var x = myFunction(4, 3);

 

注意:

提升(Hoisting)是 JavaScript 默认将当前作用域中的变量声明与函数声明提升到前面去的的行为。

上述3种函数定义方式中第一种方式声明了函数,因此,函数可以在声明之前调用:

myFunction(5);

function myFunction(y) {
    return y * y;
}

 

4 种函数调用方式:

函数调用方式的区别在于调用函数时 this 的初始化不同。

this 是 JavaScript 语言的一个关键字,它代表函数运行时,自动生成的一个内部对象,只能在函数内部使用。

函数使用的场合不同,this 的值也不同。但是有一个原则:this 代表的是调用函数的那个对象。

1、作为全局函数(全局对象方法)被调用

function myFunction(a, b) {
    return a * b;
}
myFunction(10, 2);           // myFunction(10, 2) 返回 20
window.myFunction(10, 2);    // window.myFunction(10, 2) 返回 20

在 HTML 中默认的全局对象是 HTML 页面本身,所以函数属于 HTML 页面。

在浏览器中的全局对象是浏览器窗口(window 对象),以上函数会自动变为 window 对象的方法。myFunction() 和 window.myFunction() 是一样的。

函数作为全局函数被调用时,this 的值为全局对象。

注意:全局变量、方法或函数容易造成命名冲突的bug,而且使用 window 对象作为一个变量容易造成程序崩溃。

2、作为对象方法被调用

var myObject = {
    firstName:"John",
    lastName: "Doe",
    fullName: function () {
        return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
    }
}
myObject.fullName();         // 返回 "John Doe"

fullName 函数是一个对象方法,属于myObject对象。

函数作为对象方法被调用时,this 的值为它所属的对象。

var myObject = {
    firstName:"John",
    lastName: "Doe",
    fullName: function () {
        return this;
    }
}
myObject.fullName();          // 返回 [object Object] (所有者对象)

3、作为构造函数被调用

在 JavaScript 中,构造函数用于创建新的对象。调用构造函数需要在前面添加 new 关键字。

// 构造函数
function myFunction(arg1, arg2) {
    this.firstName = arg1;
    this.lastName  = arg2;
}
 
// 调用构造函数创建新的对象
var x = new myFunction("John","Doe");
x.firstName;                             // 返回 "John"

新对象会继承构造函数的属性和方法。

构造函数中的 this 关键字没有任何的值。

函数作为构造函数被调用时,this 的值为构造函数所实例化的对象。

4、使用函数方法调用

在 JavaScript 中,函数是对象,函数也有属性和方法。

call()apply() 是预定义的函数方法,我们可以使用这两个方法来调用函数。

function myFunction(a, b) {
    return a * b;
}
var myObject = new Object;
var x = myFunction.call(myObject, 10, 2);     // 返回 20
function myFunction(a, b) {
    return a * b;
}

var myObject = new Object;
var myArray = [10, 2];
var x= myFunction.apply(myObject, myArray);  // 返回 20

call() 和 apply() 两个方法的第一个参数都是对象(函数运行的作用域)。

两者的区别在于第二个参数: apply传入的是一个参数数组或 arguments 对象;而call传入的是一个参数(从第二个参数开始传入参数列表)。

在 JavaScript 严格模式(strict mode)下,使用函数方法调用函数时,第一个参数会成为 this 的值, 即使该参数不是一个对象。

在 JavaScript 非严格模式(non-strict mode)下,如果第一个参数的值是 null 或 undefined, 它将使用全局对象替代。

通过 call() 或 apply() 方法你可以设置 this 的值,且作为已存在对象的新方法调用。

 

参考:http://www.runoob.com/js/js-function-definition.html

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