大数据时代下对GIS发展的思考
目录
摘 要：
新一代信息技术的兴起与发展直接影响地理信息系统的发展，例如，物理网与GIS的结合，云计算与GIS的结合，移动互联网与GIS的结合，文章将在大数据的背景下，分析大数据给地理信息系统的发展带来的影响。
概述
“大数据”是继“云计算”之后互联网时代掀起的又一个热潮。大数据时代正靠近我们的生活。地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）得到计算机软硬件系统支持，也拥有对地球表面（包括大气层）空间中和地理分布有关的数据进行采集、储存、管理、计算、研究、显示和说明等功能[1]。作为一门涉及面广的综合学科，地理信息系统信息技术的发展尤为重要[2]。在互联网时代，“大数据”这种重要资源增长速率过快，当今人类社会的发展与转型[3]正在被慢慢侵蚀着。地理信息系统也身在其中，以基于位置的服务（Location Based Service，LBS）为代表的新技术的加入使得地理信息系统及产业在获得发展机遇的同时也面临挑战。
大数据
大数据定义
IDC（Internet Data Center，即互联网数据中心）最新的研究结果显示全球每18个月新增的数据量是人类有史以来全部数据量的总和到2020年，每年产生的数据将达到40ZB，其中传感器网络所产生的数据占40%[4]。而且这些数据中95%是不精确的，非结构化的数据[5]。归纳了（Volume、Varity、Velocity、Veracity、Value）大数据的5V特征，以区别于大众思维中的“海量数据”[6]。
大数据和有联系的自发地理信息（volunteered geographic information，VGI）存在联系不同需要研究。VGI和大数据都以大量个体数据汇总后的增值应用为目的，VGI应用目的优先；大数据使用过程目的明确，形式呈�F多样化。这一特点使大数据应用速率增加相当快[2]。
大数据的发展现状
“云时代”的到来将大数据变成了一个焦点。大数据中非结构化的数据比传统数据占的分量重。大数据技术具有快速获得有价值信息的能力[7]。
大数据具有很高的商业价值。数据交易可产生很好的效果；为了提高企业销售率，增加利润，我们可以降低营销成本。数据共享、交叉复用后获取最大的数据价值是大数据的价值。
大数据对GIS的影响
大数据中的地理（理论）：在地理学研究领域中，新数据的环境由大数据、开放数据与一些集成起来的小数据一起构成，这种新环境对现有地理学理论的证明有很大的帮助。传统的地理学理论以均质化集合单元的长期变化为分析对象进行勘测研究，在新的数据环境下，所呈现出的即时性、多角度维度、以及细粒度的变化观测对于一些关注异质化个体短时间内变化的地理学理论产生有很大的帮助和改善[10]。新地理学理论的发展离不开新数据环境[8，9]。
地理（环境）中的大数据：大数据的生产、处理和使用无时无刻都在被当时条件允许范围内的社会、经济、自然等等地理环境所影响，而这些地理环境根据各方面的原因条件所给予的表达不够具体，并且是具有选择性的，产生了盲区需要克服和改善。数据的变化也间接地改变了我们的生活。
机遇
大数据带来了研究范式的变革[13]。大数据可以依靠研究人行为所带来的移动的轨迹以及所处地理环境位置的重要特点进行评估。猜测人一天内活动的规律以及活动的范围。从而得到想要的人体情感态度以及土地范围活动区域内的相关信息。
大数据影响着地理学研究范式的变化趋势。传统的地理学“自上向下”，而现在“自下向上”也开始流行起来。其优势和不足比重各占一半。在空间大数据下，地理学进行学术勘测调查务必考虑结果的可验证性、尺度变化性以及相对不确定性。相关关系等重要因素只是其中的一部分而已。
大数据能够在一定程度上克服传统数据的不足。也为创新地理学研究的议题提供了机遇。
数据时空粒度随着时间的推移，逐渐越来越变的精细。地理空间所给予我们的信息储备也变得越发重要。地表要素的属性变化在每时每刻都随大数据时代的地理信息影响，尤其是移动的个体或群体对象，移动的个体或群体对象空间位置和其自身的属性变化更为明显，地理大数据的出现促进了地理计算（GeoComputation）与城市计算（urban computing）和社会计算（social computing）的交叉和融合。大数据技术的城市与社会应用过程中很多研究场景和内容与大数据的空间紧密贴合[15]。
大数据对人文地理学的影响也是自然地理学的影响。在优化区域布局、防灾减灾、城市精细化管理、智慧城市等方面综合多维的国情地理数据影响甚大。这些大数据，对人文地理学研究内容与研究范式提供了巨大突破创新的机会。
挑战
由于原始样本的偏差、预处理方法是否恰当等多方面因素，地理学者对收集来的大数据的质量无法进行系统性评估，大数据是一个新呈现出来的新鲜事物，研究案例可供借鉴研究的少之又少，条件也不够充足，所以研究问题片面不够具体，所以研究的结果大多数都不够足以让人信服。
“大数据”不是“全数据”，在研究中需要研究数据样本里的独特点，集成多源数据交互印证是处理大数据的代表性问题的一大关键点。大数据主要提供了一种对既有模式及规律的研究调查手段，这一大发现对于地理学的意义不可忽视，使我们能够接触到以前从未触碰过让人耳目一新的新事物，这对于生物学发展有着很大的促进作用。
迄今为止，大数据在地理学中的应用，仅仅还停留在校验印证既有理论的一方面，未取得理论上实质的突破与创新。我们今后研究，首先就应该将有关研究中主要思想抓紧，然后将范式需要保留的精华部分进行总结提炼，以最快的速度研究，从而形成在大数据的时代中，存在的地理学新概念新思想以及新方法的系统论述。
结束语
大数据时代的来临对中国的地理信息系统的格局产生了很大的影响。以物联网、云计算为首的等多个技术的发展将为GIS的发展带来更多的便利，也同时给我们带来了机会。GIS的使用价值为了可以在大数据中全权体现， GIS与大数据技术的结合发展速率要提高。研究初心不能改变，地理学者仍要脚踏实地，沉着冷静客观地看待“大数据”的使用条件，依托地理学科及专业知识论证去完成多源数据相互检验等质量评估工作。大数据在地理中的应用基础需要一步一个脚印的走出来。
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