地理信息系统初学者入门基础篇(一)绪论

地理信息导论

第一章  绪论

1.1  GIS(GeographicInformation System)地理信息系统

Definition(定义):地理信息系统是一种用于获取、存储、查询、分析和显示地理空间数据的计算机系统。

Where can use GIS:GIS的应用范围很广,其中的一个应用领域就是灾害管理(9.0级地震袭击日本东海岸,“艾琳”飓风在加勒比海的温暖水域形成)。GIS是地理信息技术的核心,涵盖了遥感、制图、测绘和摄影测量等众多领域。

基本概念(basic concepts):

  • 1、地理空间数据:用于描述位置和空间要素属性的数据。
  • 2、组成:硬件(计算机、打印机、绘图仪、数字化仪、GPS和移动设备等)、软件(GIS软件等)、专业人员、组织。
  • 3、简史:其起源在于快速发展的计算机工具……发展趋势:一是作为空间技术的核心,GIS逐渐同其他空间数据融合; 二是GIS已同网络服务、移动技术、社会媒体和云计算连接。

1.2  GIS的要素:地理空间数据、数据获取、数据管理、数据显示、数据探查、数据分析等。

核心内容(core contexts):

  • 1、地理空间数据模型:矢量数据模型(地理关系模型或基于对象模型)使用点、线和多边形来表示具有清晰空间位置和边界的空间要素;栅格数据模型使用一个格网和格网元胞代表空间要素:点要素由单个元胞表示、线要素有一序列相邻元胞表示、多边形要素由连续元胞的集合表示。元胞值表示该元胞位置的空间要素属性。栅格数据模型适用于表示连续的要素,如海拔和降水量。
  • 2、数据采集、属性数据管理(连接join,关联relate)、数据显示、数据探查(GIS中的空间数据查询是独一无二的)、数据分析(矢量数据的两个基本工具就是缓冲和叠置、栅格数据的4个基本工具是local、neighborhood、zonal带状、global operation)克里金插值不仅能预测未知值,还可以估算预测误差

1.3  GIS的应用

在我们日常生活中,有很多的信息都是地理空间信息,带有空间位置属性。(57%)GIS在以下领域显示其重要性:土地利用规划、自然灾害评估、野生动物栖息地的分析、河岸带监测、木材管理、城市规划等

1.4  桌面GIS、网络GIS和移动技术的结合

1.4.1  网络制图MapQuest  GoogleEarth

1.4.2  协作网络制图

1.4.3  志愿者地理信息(VGI) OpenStreetMap

GIS是一门科学,同时也是一种解决问题的工具。

重要概念和术语

数据探查(Data exploration):以数据为中心的查询和分析

动态分段(Dynamic segmentation):一种数据模型,可在坐标系统上使用线段量测的数据

地理信息系统(GIS):用于采集、存储、查询、分析、显示地理空间数据的计算机系统

地理相关数据模型(Georelational data model):一种矢量数据模型,用分离的系统分别存储空间数据和属性数据

地理空间数据(Geospatial data):描述地球(或其他星球)表面空间要素位置和特征的数据

基于对象的数据模型(Object-based data model):一种用对象来组织空间数据的数据模型,它将空间数据和属性数据存储在同一个系统内

栅格数据模型(Raster data model):一种用格网和像元来表示要素空间变化的空间数据模型

关系数据库(Relational database):一系列表的集合,可通过关键字段与其他表格连接。

拓扑(Topology):数学的一个分支,应用在GIS中,确保要素之间的空间关系能明晰表达

不规则三角网(TIN):一种复合矢量数据模型,它采用一套互不重叠的三角形来近似表示地形

矢量数据模型(Vector data model):一种空间数据模型,采用点及其x,y坐标来构建点、线和面空间要素
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原文:https://blog.csdn.net/QIYICat/article/details/79896982

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