地理信息系统基础入门篇(四)—栅格数据模型

目录

第一章  栅格数据模型

表示连续的现象最好是选择栅格数据模型,栅格数据模型用规则格网来覆盖整个空间。格网中的各个像元值与其位置上的空间现象特征相对应,而且像元值的变化反映了现象的空间变异。

4.1 栅格数据模型要素

栅格在GIS中也称为格网或图像。栅格数据用单个像元作为点,用一系列相邻像元作为线,用连续像元的集合代表面。

4.1.1像元值:栅格的单元值可以是类别或数字。像元值应赋在像元的中心。

4.1.2像元大小:栅格的单元大小是指单个元胞所代表的面积大小。像元大小决定了栅格数据的空间分辨率。

4.1.3单元深度:栅格的单元深度是指用于存储单元值的比特数。较高的单元深度意味着可以存储更大范围的数值。

4.1.4栅格波段:栅格数据可能是单波段或多波段。单一波段栅格数据中每个像元只有一个像元值。

4.1.5空间参照:栅格数据必须具有空间参照信息,这样在GIS中国它们才可以和其他数据集进行空间配准。经过与投影坐标系匹配处理的栅格数据通常称为地理参照栅格数据。

4.2 卫星图像

卫星系统可以分为被动的和主动的,被动的系统通常被称为光学系统,它从地球表面反射或发射电磁频谱获得的光谱波段。主动地系统通常被称为合成孔径雷达(SAR),它能提供能量照亮感兴趣的区域,并测量从地球表面反射或发射的雷达电波。

4.2.1陆地卫星(Landsat)American

4.2.2对地观测卫星(SPOT)France

4.2.3“地之眼”和“数字地球”

4.2.4 Terra 卫星

4.2.5 SAR

4.3 数字高程模型(DEM)

数字高程模型由一组均匀间隔的高程数据组成,DEM是地形制图和分析的主要数据源

4.3.1光学传感器

4.3.2干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)

4.3.3激光雷达(LiDAR)

4.4 其它类型栅格数据

4.4.1 数字正射影像(DOQ)

数字正射影像是一种由航片或其他遥感数据制备而得的数字化影像,其中,由照相机镜头倾斜和地形起伏引起的位移已被消除。

4.4.2土地覆被数据

从遥感影像上获取的土地覆被数据,通常被用来分类和编译,因此常用作栅格数据。

4.4.3二值扫描文件

二值扫描文件是含数值1或数值0的扫描图像

4.4.4 数字栅格图(DRG)

数字栅格图是美国地质调查员(USGS)地形图的扫描图像

4.4.5 图形文件

地图、照片和影像可存储为数字图形文件

4.4.6 特定的GIS软件的栅格数据

GIS软件包使用从DEM、卫星影像、扫描图像、图形文件和文本文件导入的栅格数据,或从矢量数据转换而来的数据。如ArcGIS把栅格数据存储为Esri格网格式(grid)

4.5 栅格数据结构

栅格数据结构是指对栅格数据编码和存储在计算机中的方法。常用的三种结构是:逐个像元编码(cell-by-cell encoding)、游程编码(run-lengthencoding)和四叉树(quad-tree)编码

4.5.1逐个像元编码(cell-by-cellencoding)

提供了最简单的数据结构,栅格模型被存为矩阵,其像元值写成一个行列式文件。

4.5.2 游程编码(run-lengthencoding)

当栅格数据含有许多重复格网值是,像元依序编码方法就会显得效率不高了,这时候可用游程编码更有效的存储,它是以行和组来记录像元值的。每个组代表拥有相同像元值的相邻像元。

4.5.3 四叉树(quad-tree)编码

四叉树不再每次按行进行处理,而是用递归分解法将栅格分成具有层次的象限。递归分解指的是续分过程,直到四叉树的每个象限中仅有一个像元值。

4.5.4 头文件

为导入栅格数据(如DEM或卫星影像),GIS软件包必须具有栅格数据的相关信息,如数据结构、区域范围、像元大小、波段数和用于表示无数据的值。此类信息通常包含在头文件中。

4.6 栅格数据压缩

数据压缩是指减少数据量,是一个对于数据传递和网络制图特别重要的主题。数据压缩和数据如何编码有关。由于四叉树和RLE的数据编码效率,也可以视为数据压缩方法。

压缩技术可分为无损压缩和有损压缩。无损压缩(lossless compression):保留像元或者像素值,允许原始栅格或者图像被精确重构。有损压缩(lossy compression):虽然不能完全重构原始图像,但是却可以达到很高的压缩率

小波变换也可用于数据压缩

4.7 数据转换与综合

4.7.1 栅格化:矢量数据转化为栅格数据称为栅格化(rasterization)

4.7.2 矢量化:栅格数据转换为矢量数据称为矢量化(vectorization)

4.7.3 矢量数据和栅格数据的综合

卫星影像

矢量数据                                                   栅格数据
———————

原文:https://blog.csdn.net/QIYICat/article/details/79996977

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