基于人工智能的智能化地理信息系统

 基于人工智能的智能化地理信息系统

                  

摘要:地理信息系统在飞速发展的同时,对现实世界的地理问题的空间分析能力的相对不足,成为了遏制其发展的一个重要原因之一。而近年来,人工智能领域取得的重大研究成果,可以为解决这些问题提供一种新的思路和方法。尤其是人工智能领域中Deep Learning的出现以及其令人吃惊的表现,让人相信AI(ArtificialIntelligence)与GIS(Geographic Information System)相结合不但可以解决先前GIS中所面临的问题,甚至还能促进GIS进一步的发展,使GIS的发展进入到下一个阶段。本论文将简要介绍目前GIS和AI发展的现状,以及AI将如何渗透到GIS当中,从而促进GIS的发展。同时GIS的发展必将影响AI的发展,因为两者在共同发展过程中,互相融合,互相影响,共同进步是不可避免的自然客观规律。

关键词人工智能 智能算法 深度学习 地理信息系统 图像识别 智能数据库管理系统

随着科学的进步,计算机相关领域的进一步发展及其向地理信息系统的渗透和融合。遥感领域的快速发展以及卫星定位,手机导航,实时位置共享,计算机制图的进一步发展等等一系列与地理信息系统有紧密联系的领域的发展,必将导致地理信息系统的变革以及发展,也迫切的需要地理信息系统的进一步发展来为其相关领域带来新的发展机会。但时至今日,地理信息系统中的诸多问题都无法得到很好的解决,如对现实世界的地理问题的空间分析能力不足,人类很容易做出判断的地理问题和地理现象交给计算机时,计算机却无法有效的解决,除此之外还有许多的其它的问题。幸运的是,近年来,人工智能领域取得的巨大的发展与进步,人工鱼的出现模拟出来自然鱼在进化过程中所展现的生物特征,让人分不清是动画还是影响;很多年前,需要“人”躲在盒子中的“假围棋机器人”曾让人一度产生机器人不可以在围棋上胜过人,如果胜过人的话,一定是有另外一个“围棋高手”躲在里面。到AlphaGo挑战并战胜世界围棋冠军,再到最新一代的AlphaGo Zero以100:0战胜它的前辈;语音识别,人脸识别,虹膜识别等等都体现了人工智能领域所取得的重大突破与发展。自然而然,我们想到,如果将人工智能引入到地理信息系统当中,与地理信息系统相融合,不就能解决现存的那些问题了吗?同时,也能为地理信息系统的发展带来新的机会与方向,促进地理信息系统从第一个阶段到第二阶段的发展。结合了人工智能技术的地理信息系统可开发出完全不同于传统模式的空间分析模式,在面对大量的地理信息时,它可通过对信息的分析找出最有影响力的参数的组合,充分考虑各因素间复杂的动态关系,推测未来可能的趋势,大大提高地理信息系统辅助决策的能力。毋庸置疑,结合了人工智能和地理信息技术的空间分析模式具有很大的潜力。

地理信息系统的定义

地理信息系统是在计算机软件和硬件支持下,以采集、存储、管理、检索、

分析和描述空间物体的定位分布及与之相关的属性资料,并回答用户问题等为主

要任务的计算机系统。

1、地理信息系统具有以下特点

· 具有采集、管理、分析和输出多种地理空间信息的能力,具有空间性与

动态性。

· 以地理研究和地理决策为目的,以地理模型方法为手段,具有区域空间

分析、多要素综合分析和动态预测能力,产生高层次的地理信息。

· 由计算机系统支持进行空间地理数据管理,并由计算机程序模拟常规的

或专门的地理分析方法,作用于空间资料,产生有用信息,完成人类难

以完成的任务。

地理信息系统从外部来看,它表现为计算机软硬件系统;而其内涵是由计算

机程序和地理资料组织而成的地理空间信息模型,是一个逻辑缩小的、高度信息

化的地理系统。地理信息系统的应用

地理信息系统是现代地球科学、信息学、环境科学、测绘遥感学、计算机科

学、管理科学、应用数学和各种应用学科有机结合的集成产物,其本身的综合特

性,决定了其具有广泛用途。而地理信息系统的广泛用途也是它能够具有如此迅速的发展速度的主要原因。地理信息系统的应用主要通过系统中的各种数学模

型,多要素空间数据库及应用软件来实现。

2、地理信息系统的主要应用

·量算和统计,即通过地理信息系统的有关应用软件,可分别在一维、二

维、三维空间里实现对各种研究对象的长度、面积、体积的快速量算,

还可以将多种类型的资料信息汇集在一起,通过系统的统计和分析功能,

获得特定问题的解决方案。

·监测和预测,即通过地理信息系统的查询和检索功能,可为管理者快速

而准确提供系统的监测,为科学的管理提供有力的决策支持。

·规划和管理,即地理信息系统能够进行多要素的综合分析和管理,具有

为管理规划部门快速而准确提供大量信息的功能。

·辅助决策,即地理信息系统在其空间数据库支持下,通过构建一系列决策模型,并对这些决策模型进行比较分析,为管理者提供科学的决策支

持。它可用于诸如最佳路径的选择、选址、定位、分析城市配电网运行

规划,资源分析等空间资料密切相关的领域。

3、地理信息系统的空间分析能力

地理信息系统与计算机辅助绘图系统的主要区别在于地理信息系统提供了

对于原始空间资料实施转换以回答特定查询的能力,而这些变换能力中最为核心

的部分就是对空间资料的利用和分析,即空间分析能力。空间分析是地理信息系

统中最为重要的内容之一,体现了地理信息系统的本质。

通过开发和应用适当的数据模型,地理信息系统的空间分析功能可被用来研究

现实世界。由于模型中蕴含着空间资料的潜在去向,从而可由此得到新的信息,

这个模型可挖掘出资料集内部或资料集之间的新的或未曾明确的关系,从而加深

了人们对现实世界的理解。

空间分析的内容十分广泛,从宏观上划分,可以归纳为以下三个方面:

·拓扑分析:包括空间图形资料的拓扑运算,即旋转变换、比例尺变换、

二维及三维显示和几何元素计算等等。

·属性分析:包括数据检索、逻辑与数学运算、重分类和统计分析等。

·拓扑与属性的联合分析:包括与拓扑相关的资料检索、叠置处理、区域

分析、邻域分析、网络分析、形状探测、瘦化处理和空间内插等。

人工智能领域的发展

1、人工神经元网络理论

人工神经网络是在现代生物学研究人脑组织成果基础上提出的,它用大量简单的处理单元广泛连接形成复杂的网络,用以模拟人类大脑神经网络的结构和行为。它具有人脑的学习、记忆和归纳等基本功能。它最大的特征是大规模并行处理、信息的分布式存储、连续时间非线性动力学、全局集体作用、具有度的容错性和鲁棒性、自组织自学习和实时处理。特别是它可以从工程实例中学习知识,尽可能多地把各种定性与定量的影响因素作为变量加以输入,建立各影响因素与结论间的高度非线性映像,采用自适应模式识别方法完成预测等任务。它对内部规律不甚了解、不能用一组规则或方程式进行描述的较复杂或开放的系统显得更优越。

人工神经网络为完成某一特定的任务,通常采用“训练”的方法。这种“训练”实质上是网络的学习过程,一般它根据事先定义号的“学习规则”按照提供

的特定学习实例,调节网络系统各节点之间相互连接的权值大小,从而达到记忆、

联想、归纳等目的。具体来说,人工神经网络的工作过程主要由两个阶段组成,一个阶段是工作期,此时各连接权值固定,计算单元的状态在变化,以达到稳定状态。另一阶段是学习期(自适应期或设计琪),在这一阶段执行学习规则,修正权稀疏,各计算单元状态不变,各连接权值可修改(通过学习样本或其它方法),获取合适的映像关系。人工神经网络的性质主要取决于以下两个因素:一个是网络拓扑结构;另一个是网络的学习、工作规则。两者结合起来就可以构成一个网络的主要特征。神经网络的互连结构形态有四种:不含反馈的前向网络、输出层到输入层有反馈的前向网络、同层内有连接的前向网络、全互连网络。神经网络的学习算法分为有导师学习(监督学习)和无导师学习(自组织学习)两种。目前应用的最多的是采用监督学习算法的无反馈前向网络,简称BP网络。其中的deep learning属于监督学习,多层神经元网络结构。

2.自然进化和遗传算法

遗传算法是一种基于自然选择原理和自然遗传机制的寻优搜索算法,模拟自

然界中生命进化机制,在人工系统中实现特定参数目标的优化。

遗传算法中所用到的进化理论的基本特性为:

·生物进化是一个对于染色体、而不是对生物本身进行操作的过程。

· 自然选择的过程联系着染色体和它们的各基因串的性能,各个子串的性

能越好的染色体越容易生存下来。

·有性生殖的过程保证其后代的基因混合、基因重组和基因突变,以产生

适应力更强的后代。

· 生物进化无记忆。有关产生生物体的信息包含在生物体所携带的染色体

的集合以及染色体编码的结构中,这些生物体会很好的适应它们的环境。

3、克隆选择算法

克隆选择原理由 Jerne 于1955年提出,之后经Burnet 发展和完善,是免疫系统的基本理论之一。克隆选择的基本思想是当任何一种抗原侵入时,机体都能在内部选择出能识别和消灭相应抗原的免疫细胞克隆,使之激活、分化和增殖,进行免疫应答以最终清除抗原。克隆选择描述了获得性免疫的基本特性:只有成功识别抗原的免疫细胞才得以增殖,经历变异后的免疫细胞分化为浆细胞(抗体效应细胞)和记忆细胞两种。克隆选择原理可通过采用变异等遗传算子和相应的群体控制机制实现。算法的设计是整个人工免疫系统的重要组成部分,对完成系统的进化以及特定问题的收敛有着至关重要的作用。人工免疫系统的实现算法主要有阴性选择算法、克隆选择算法、人工免疫网络算法等。其中De Castro提出的克隆选择算法的核心是比例复制和比例变异算子。

人工智能与地理信息科学结合

1、地理信息系统具有信息采集的特点,也就是说,地理信息系统所需要的数据并不是直接存在的,而是要通过相应的方法去获取和收集。目前常用于地理信息系统信息采集的方式主要有以下几种方式,一是利用卫星,飞机,各种采集仪器(全站仪,GPS数据),二是对原始的纸质数据、电子表格,图形文件等进行矢量化。其中第一种方式是现今数据来源最广泛,也是最可靠,最真实的途径。但采用第一种方式来获取数据还是需要大量的相关专业人员参与,比如说相应的遥感人员,测绘人员,地理学人员等的参与,因此在数据的采集和获取方面往往需要耗费大量的时间与金钱,效率通常也不是很高,还受很多方面因素的限制,甚至是有些关键数据无法正常的获取。如果能够有效的将人工智能与地理信息系统的采集过程相结合,实现地理信息数据的自动化获取,将会大大的降低数据采集的难度与成本。现今在遥感影像的获取上,无人机是一种非常高效的获取空间数据的方式,如果能够将无人机与人工智能相结合,实现无人机的数据自动获取,将会大大的推动地理数据采集自动化的进程。在此我仅提供一种无人机自动化获取数据的想法,给无人机配置相应的人工智能,使得无人机能够根据要求自动确定需要在哪些区域,哪些时间段,拍摄相应精度大小的遥感影像,此外,无人机在数据采集期间可以根据实际情况自动选择其航拍的线路,不需要相关人员的亲自参与和监督,数据采集完之后返回到实验室传输数据。之后相关的人员再对采集的数据进行相应的操作。

2、地理信息系统具有信息处理的功能,信息处理的过程主要包括对采集的数据进行分类,管理与分析。由于近年来遥感事业的蓬勃发展,大量的遥感影像数据需要应用地理信息系统来进行相应的处理。比如说在电子地图方面,国外的Google Earth,国内的百度地图,高德地图和腾讯地图,都是需要实时更换地图。而不是电说子地图做完之后就不管了,而是要每隔相应的时间进行遥感进行的获取,然后将获取的遥感影像与先前的进行对比,看是否会引起相应的道路,交通,建筑等方面的较大的改变,再更具比对结果来决定是否需要对已有的电子地图进行相应的修改。在这一系列的过程中,其中有两个过程是需要大量的专业人员的参与,一是遥感影像的对比,二是电子地图修改的过程。这两个过程需要耗费大量的时间和精力,但是如果能够将遥感影像的对比交给专业系统来做的话,就能大幅度的提高遥感图像对比和判定的效率以及精确度,在这方面人工智能算法中的克隆选择算法将会是一个不错的选择,当然人工神经元网络算法也不错,使用多级神经元网络,先用足够的遥感影像数据来训练,可以高效的判定到底哪些地方是需要进行电子地图修改的,而哪些又是不需要的;将电子地图修改的过程交给结合人工智能的计算机智能自动制图,也能大大的减少电子地图修改所要花费的时间和精力。

3、地理信息系统具有信息管理的功能,通常地理信息系统会将所采集得到的数据已经经过处理的数据进行集中管理和存储,以便以后的分析,使用与决策。但是在进行信息管理的时候,尤其是在进行空间信息管理的时候,需要进行很多枯燥的,重复的操作,大大的浪费了管理工作人员的时间和精力。所以如果将人工智能与地理信息系统的数据库管理系统相结合,开发出相应的智能化空间信息管理库,将会大大的减轻管理工作人员的负担。比如说,管理工作人员只需要将相应的需要被管理数据告知智能化空间信息库,并将自己的要求一并告诉它,智能空间信息库就会实现自动化,智能的信息读取与分类管理。

4、地理信息系统具有信息分析的作用,这也是目前地理信息系统的一个非常重要的作用,那就是对已有的数据进行相应的分析,最后作为决策的依据等。但地理信息系统目前有一道难以跨越的“坎”,那就是如何有效的对现实世界的地理问题进行合理的空间分析。很多对于人类来说可以轻松做到的地理信息的空间分析但是却很难被用于计算机当中去,究其原因,就是因为计算机没有像人类一样的“经验导向”以及思考判断的能力。因此,如果将人工智能与地理信息系统的信息分析相结合,就能有效的解决这些问题,并将带动地理信息系统新的发展。

5、此外,再谈一些人工智能与地理信息系统相结合从而产生具有实际作用的例子:如电子地图再加上人工智能,加上智能语音,智能路径选择,将能打造成为具有“智能”的导航产品,不再是单纯的位置定位与地图显示。又或者像图像识别过程中的模式识别,将人工智能自动识别出的地图图像或者遥感影像作为之后直接被利用来制作地图的数据源,从而就不需要专业的人员来进行图像的判读与分类以及提取。

总而言之,人工智能是社会发展的一个大趋势,一个学科,一个领域要想得到发展,就必须要在大趋势的条件下把握住机遇,敢于突破传统的限制,从而实现自我的成长与发展。

参考文献

① 基于人工智能的地理信息空间分析系统模型(复旦大学,硕士学位论文;徐天白,计算机应用技术专业)

② 克隆算法在遥感影像分类中的应用(张灵,陈晓宏,翁毅,王兆礼;中山大学,华南理工大学)

——————— 作者:QIYICat 来源:CSDN 原文:https://blog.csdn.net/QIYICat/article/details/78447672?utm_source=copy

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